Main Article Content
Abstract
This study examined the impact of poverty on the education of the girl-child in Adamawa State, Nigeria. The primary objective is to examine the effect of poverty on girl-child education in Adamawa State, the efforts put in place at reducing poverty and enhancing the girl-child education, effective are these efforts in enhancing girl- child education in the challenges militating against the efforts put in place at curbing poverty against the girl-child education in the state. The research employs a qualitative approach, utilizing secondary data analyzed through content analysis and framed within the cultural feminist theoretical perspective. Findings reveal that poverty exacerbates gender disparities in education, as girls from low-income families are more vulnerable to early marriage, domestic labor, and withdrawal from school due to financial constraints. Additionally, cultural attitudes that undervalue female education and rising education costs further limit opportunities for girls. The study concludes that comprehensive and gender-sensitive interventions such as scholarship programs, community sensitization, and enhanced educational infrastructure are essential to promoting equitable access to education and breaking the cycle of poverty for the girl-child in Adamawa State.
Keywords
Article Details
References
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- Adamawa State Ministry of Education. (2023). Educational development and gender parity report. Adamawa State Government.
- Alika, H. J., & Hillary, J. C. (2012). Human trafficking in Nigeria. Journal of Educational Research and Development.79 (3), 28-35.
- Alika, H.J., Aihie S. and Ohamaka, C. (2019). School related gender violence and its consequences on secondary school students: Implications for counselling. Journal of Education and training studies 8 (2), 29-42.
- Alika, I., & Hillary, I. (2012). Poverty and education in Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Educational Research, 9(1), 45-59.
- Alika, I., Aihie, O., & Ohamaka, A. (2019). School-related violence and its impact on Girls' `Education. Journal of Educational Research, 17(4), 89-105.
- Alkire, S., & Foster, J. (2011). Counting and multidimensional poverty measurement. Journal of Public Economics, 95(8), 476-487.
- Amirikpa, O. (2010). Girl-child education and Nigeria’s development agenda: A literary perspective. African Research Review. 4 (2),
- Bartsky, S.L (1992). Feminism and domination: Studies in the phenomenology of oppression. Rutledge.
- Beauvoir, S. (1949/57). The second sex. Vintage Press.
- Birdsell, N. (2001). Inequality and growth in a panel of countries. Journal of Economic Growth. 5(2) 18-26
- Birdsell, N. and Londono, J.J (1998). No trade-off: Efficient growth via more equal human capital accumulation in Latin America. In beyond trade-offs: Market reforms and equitable growth in Latin America, (ed.) Birdsall, N. Graham, C. and Sabot R. Brookings Institution and inter-American Development Bank.
- Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) (2022). Annual report 2021.
- Daly, M. (1973). Beyond God the Father: Toward a philosophy of Women’s Liberation. Beacon Press.
- Ebong, J. M. (1996). Education as a powerful instrument of development of man and society. Scholars Press.
- Effiom, B. E; Undiyaundeye, F. A & Akpama, E. G. (2021). Dynamics of poverty and implications on the education of the girl-child in Nigeria. Journal of Popular Education in Africa. 5(9), 89 – 98.
- Effiom, B.E. & Jacks E. (2019). Trigger of school dropout among secondary school girls in Cross River State, Nigeria, 6(3), 4519 – 6511
- Enamiror, D. F. (2007). Education as a systematic procedure for the transfer and transformation of culture. Benin City: Justice Jeco Press & Publishers Limited.
- Enejere, C. (1991). Women and political education in Chizea, D.O and Njoku, J. (eds.), Nigerian women and the challenges of overtime. Malthous Press Ltd.
- European Union. (2019). Poverty and social exclusion in the EU. Doi: https://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=751.
- Fafunwa, A. B. (1983). Development of education in Nigeria. trends and issue in Nigeria Education. University of Ife Press Ltd.
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2021). Agriculture in Nigeria: 2020 Overview."
- Ibanga, A.E., & Umoh, G.O. (2022). Female education and poverty reduction in Nigeria. World Economic & Finance Bulletin, 14, 241-246
- Ibanga, I., & Umoh, E. (2022). The contribution of female education to poverty reduction in Nigeria. Nissi Publishing House.
- Kellerman, H. (1980). Education as the teaching and training of the child: imparting skills and knowledge. Columbia University Press
- Madu, A., & Obi, E. (2021). Safety concerns and school attendance. Journal of Rural Education, 12(2), 67-79.
- Madu, A., & Obi, E. (2021). Traditional practices and girls' education in Nigeria. Journal of Educational Policy and Practice, 15(3), 45-60.
- Madu, C.O. & Obi, J.S.C. (2021). Challenges to girl-child education in Nigeria and strategies for improvement. Unizik Journal of educational research and policy studies, 3, 164-173
- MasterClass. (2024). Cultural Feminism: 4 Key Ideas in Cultural Feminism. Doi : https://www.masterclass.com/aricles/cultural-feminism.
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- National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), Nigeria. (2023). Educational statistics report.Doi : https://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/
- National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2021). Infrastructure statistics report.
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- National Population Commission (NPC). (2023). Population and demographic statistics. Doi: https://www.population.gov.ng./
- Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). (2023). Marriage and fertility data. Retrieved from NDHS Website.
- Nigerian Education Data Survey (NEDS). (2023). Education access and equity report. Doi: https://www.nigerianeducationaldata.gov.ng/
- Nigerian Health Survey (NHS). (2023). Nutrition and health statistics. Doi: https://www healthsurvey.ng
- Nwangu, L. U. (2004). Education and its Multifaceted Role in Society. Wisdom Publishers
- O’connell, L. and Birdsell, N. (2011). Race, human capital inequality, and income distribution in South Africa, Brazil and the United States. Discussion paper 4, Carnegie Endowment for International peace.
- Oche, I.O. (2015). Effect of poverty, unemployment and inequality on the Girl -child in 21st century Nigeria. Being a paper presented at the faculty of social sciences national conference. Theme: women and development held on the 2nd – 5th November 2015 in Nasarawa State University Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.
- Offorma, G.C (2009). Girl-child education in Africa. Keynote address presented at the conference of university WOMWNE of Africa Held in Lagos, Nigeria, 16th –19th July.
- Ojo, O. J., & Vincent, O. D. (2000). Education: A Catalyst to Great Heights. Cited in Nwangu, L. U. (2004). Education as a Visa to Success. (pp. 45-67). Lagos: Wisdom Publishers
- Ortega, M. (2001). New Mestizas, world – travellers and dasein: Phenomenology and the multi-voiced, multi-cultural self. Mcgraw-Hill press.
- Otu, C. (2016). Government intervention in enhancing girl-child education. Nigerian Journal of Educational Research, 10(2), 112-124.
- Perlego. (2023). Cultural Feminism | Definition, Examples & Analysis. Doi : https://www.parlengo.com Pringer Link. (2024). Feminist Cultural Studies. Doi : https://link.spinger.com.
- Sen, A. (1999). Development as freedom. Oxford University Press.
- Transparency International. (2021). Corruption Perceptions Index 2021: Nigeria. Berlin: Transparency International.
- UNESCO & UN Women. (2016). Impact of Religious Insurgency on Education in Nigeria. Doi : http://en.unesco.org/
- UNESCO & UN Women. (2016). The Impact of Religious Insurgents on Female Education in Nigeria. Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, and UN Women. Doi : http://en.unesco.org/
- UNESCO. (2020). Global Education Monitoring Report: Nigeria. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Doi : http://en.unesco.org/
- UNESCO. (2021). Educational development: Improving quality, accessibility, and effectiveness of education systems. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Doi: http://en.unesco.org/
- UNESCO. (2023). Global Education Monitoring Report: Nigeria Country Profile. UNESCO UIS. Doi: http://en.unesco.org/
- UNHCR. (2022). Nigeria: internally displaced persons in north-east Nigeria. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Doi: http://unhcr.org/or
- UNICEF. (2020). Efforts in educational development: addressing challenges to learning and creating supportive environments. United Nations Children's Fund.
- UNICEF. (2023). Advocacy and Sensitization for Girls' Education in Nigeria. Doi: http// Unicefdata.gov.ng.
- UNICEF. (2022). Malnutrition in north-east Nigeria: situation report. Abuja:
- UNICEF. Nigeria Security Tracker (NST) (2020). Nigeria: Violence and Insecurity Report. Council on Foreign Relations. Doi: http// Unicefdata.gov.ng.
- UNICEF. (2023). Child Labor and Education in Nigeria. Doi: http// Unicefdata.gov.ng.
- UNICEF. (2023). School Safety and Gender-Based Violence in Nigeria. Doi: http// Unicefdata.gov.ng..
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- United Nations Development Programme. (2020). Human development report 2020. Doi: http://hdr.undp.org/en/2020-report.
- USAID. (2012). Sexual violence against girls in schools: Reports from Africa. United States Agency for International Development. Doi: http://usaiddata.african.link.
- World Bank. (2022). Education and Gender Disparities in Nigeria. Doi: http//data.worldbank.org/indicator/se.enr.prim.fm.zs?.location.ng
- World Bank. (2022). Educational development: Enhancing educational systems and outcomes. The World Bank Group.
- World Bank. (2023). Economic Challenges to Education in Nigeria. Doi: http//data.worldbank.org/indicator/se.enr.prim.fm.zs?.location.ng
- World Bank. (2023). Education and Infrastructure in Nigeria. Doi: http//data.worldbank.org/indicator/se.enr.prim.fm.zs?.location.ng
- WorldBank.(2021).UnderstandingPoverty.DOI :https://www.worldbank.org/en/understanding-poverty
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References
Ada, N. A (2007). Gender, power and politic in Nigeria. Aboki publishers.
Adamawa State Ministry of Education. (2023). Educational development and gender parity report. Adamawa State Government.
Alika, H. J., & Hillary, J. C. (2012). Human trafficking in Nigeria. Journal of Educational Research and Development.79 (3), 28-35.
Alika, H.J., Aihie S. and Ohamaka, C. (2019). School related gender violence and its consequences on secondary school students: Implications for counselling. Journal of Education and training studies 8 (2), 29-42.
Alika, I., & Hillary, I. (2012). Poverty and education in Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Educational Research, 9(1), 45-59.
Alika, I., Aihie, O., & Ohamaka, A. (2019). School-related violence and its impact on Girls' `Education. Journal of Educational Research, 17(4), 89-105.
Alkire, S., & Foster, J. (2011). Counting and multidimensional poverty measurement. Journal of Public Economics, 95(8), 476-487.
Amirikpa, O. (2010). Girl-child education and Nigeria’s development agenda: A literary perspective. African Research Review. 4 (2),
Bartsky, S.L (1992). Feminism and domination: Studies in the phenomenology of oppression. Rutledge.
Beauvoir, S. (1949/57). The second sex. Vintage Press.
Birdsell, N. (2001). Inequality and growth in a panel of countries. Journal of Economic Growth. 5(2) 18-26
Birdsell, N. and Londono, J.J (1998). No trade-off: Efficient growth via more equal human capital accumulation in Latin America. In beyond trade-offs: Market reforms and equitable growth in Latin America, (ed.) Birdsall, N. Graham, C. and Sabot R. Brookings Institution and inter-American Development Bank.
Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) (2022). Annual report 2021.
Daly, M. (1973). Beyond God the Father: Toward a philosophy of Women’s Liberation. Beacon Press.
Ebong, J. M. (1996). Education as a powerful instrument of development of man and society. Scholars Press.
Effiom, B. E; Undiyaundeye, F. A & Akpama, E. G. (2021). Dynamics of poverty and implications on the education of the girl-child in Nigeria. Journal of Popular Education in Africa. 5(9), 89 – 98.
Effiom, B.E. & Jacks E. (2019). Trigger of school dropout among secondary school girls in Cross River State, Nigeria, 6(3), 4519 – 6511
Enamiror, D. F. (2007). Education as a systematic procedure for the transfer and transformation of culture. Benin City: Justice Jeco Press & Publishers Limited.
Enejere, C. (1991). Women and political education in Chizea, D.O and Njoku, J. (eds.), Nigerian women and the challenges of overtime. Malthous Press Ltd.
European Union. (2019). Poverty and social exclusion in the EU. Doi: https://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=751.
Fafunwa, A. B. (1983). Development of education in Nigeria. trends and issue in Nigeria Education. University of Ife Press Ltd.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2021). Agriculture in Nigeria: 2020 Overview."
Ibanga, A.E., & Umoh, G.O. (2022). Female education and poverty reduction in Nigeria. World Economic & Finance Bulletin, 14, 241-246
Ibanga, I., & Umoh, E. (2022). The contribution of female education to poverty reduction in Nigeria. Nissi Publishing House.
Kellerman, H. (1980). Education as the teaching and training of the child: imparting skills and knowledge. Columbia University Press
Madu, A., & Obi, E. (2021). Safety concerns and school attendance. Journal of Rural Education, 12(2), 67-79.
Madu, A., & Obi, E. (2021). Traditional practices and girls' education in Nigeria. Journal of Educational Policy and Practice, 15(3), 45-60.
Madu, C.O. & Obi, J.S.C. (2021). Challenges to girl-child education in Nigeria and strategies for improvement. Unizik Journal of educational research and policy studies, 3, 164-173
MasterClass. (2024). Cultural Feminism: 4 Key Ideas in Cultural Feminism. Doi : https://www.masterclass.com/aricles/cultural-feminism.
Micheal, I. (2011). Emir Harps on girl-child education. Nigerian Tribune, 15.
Nallari, R. and Graffith, B. (2011). Understanding growth and poverty: Theory, policy and empirics. The World Bank.
National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2021). Nigerian gross domestic product report (Q1-Q4 2020),
National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), Nigeria. (2023). Educational statistics report.Doi : https://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/
National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2021). Infrastructure statistics report.
National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2020). Poverty and Inequality in Nigeria: 2019.
National Bureau of Statistics (NBS). (2022). Poverty and Inequality in Nigeria: Executive Summary. Abuja
National Population Commission (NPC). (2023). Population and demographic statistics. Doi: https://www.population.gov.ng./
Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). (2023). Marriage and fertility data. Retrieved from NDHS Website.
Nigerian Education Data Survey (NEDS). (2023). Education access and equity report. Doi: https://www.nigerianeducationaldata.gov.ng/
Nigerian Health Survey (NHS). (2023). Nutrition and health statistics. Doi: https://www healthsurvey.ng
Nwangu, L. U. (2004). Education and its Multifaceted Role in Society. Wisdom Publishers
O’connell, L. and Birdsell, N. (2011). Race, human capital inequality, and income distribution in South Africa, Brazil and the United States. Discussion paper 4, Carnegie Endowment for International peace.
Oche, I.O. (2015). Effect of poverty, unemployment and inequality on the Girl -child in 21st century Nigeria. Being a paper presented at the faculty of social sciences national conference. Theme: women and development held on the 2nd – 5th November 2015 in Nasarawa State University Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.
Offorma, G.C (2009). Girl-child education in Africa. Keynote address presented at the conference of university WOMWNE of Africa Held in Lagos, Nigeria, 16th –19th July.
Ojo, O. J., & Vincent, O. D. (2000). Education: A Catalyst to Great Heights. Cited in Nwangu, L. U. (2004). Education as a Visa to Success. (pp. 45-67). Lagos: Wisdom Publishers
Ortega, M. (2001). New Mestizas, world – travellers and dasein: Phenomenology and the multi-voiced, multi-cultural self. Mcgraw-Hill press.
Otu, C. (2016). Government intervention in enhancing girl-child education. Nigerian Journal of Educational Research, 10(2), 112-124.
Perlego. (2023). Cultural Feminism | Definition, Examples & Analysis. Doi : https://www.parlengo.com Pringer Link. (2024). Feminist Cultural Studies. Doi : https://link.spinger.com.
Sen, A. (1999). Development as freedom. Oxford University Press.
Transparency International. (2021). Corruption Perceptions Index 2021: Nigeria. Berlin: Transparency International.
UNESCO & UN Women. (2016). Impact of Religious Insurgency on Education in Nigeria. Doi : http://en.unesco.org/
UNESCO & UN Women. (2016). The Impact of Religious Insurgents on Female Education in Nigeria. Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, and UN Women. Doi : http://en.unesco.org/
UNESCO. (2020). Global Education Monitoring Report: Nigeria. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Doi : http://en.unesco.org/
UNESCO. (2021). Educational development: Improving quality, accessibility, and effectiveness of education systems. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Doi: http://en.unesco.org/
UNESCO. (2023). Global Education Monitoring Report: Nigeria Country Profile. UNESCO UIS. Doi: http://en.unesco.org/
UNHCR. (2022). Nigeria: internally displaced persons in north-east Nigeria. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Doi: http://unhcr.org/or
UNICEF. (2020). Efforts in educational development: addressing challenges to learning and creating supportive environments. United Nations Children's Fund.
UNICEF. (2023). Advocacy and Sensitization for Girls' Education in Nigeria. Doi: http// Unicefdata.gov.ng.
UNICEF. (2022). Malnutrition in north-east Nigeria: situation report. Abuja:
UNICEF. Nigeria Security Tracker (NST) (2020). Nigeria: Violence and Insecurity Report. Council on Foreign Relations. Doi: http// Unicefdata.gov.ng.
UNICEF. (2023). Child Labor and Education in Nigeria. Doi: http// Unicefdata.gov.ng.
UNICEF. (2023). School Safety and Gender-Based Violence in Nigeria. Doi: http// Unicefdata.gov.ng..
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2021). Nigeria human development report 2020. Doi: http://hdr.undp.org/en/2021-report.
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2021) Nigeria human development report 2020. Doi: http://hdr.undp.org/en/2021-report.
United Nations Development Programme. (2020). Human development report 2020. Doi: http://hdr.undp.org/en/2020-report.
USAID. (2012). Sexual violence against girls in schools: Reports from Africa. United States Agency for International Development. Doi: http://usaiddata.african.link.
World Bank. (2022). Education and Gender Disparities in Nigeria. Doi: http//data.worldbank.org/indicator/se.enr.prim.fm.zs?.location.ng
World Bank. (2022). Educational development: Enhancing educational systems and outcomes. The World Bank Group.
World Bank. (2023). Economic Challenges to Education in Nigeria. Doi: http//data.worldbank.org/indicator/se.enr.prim.fm.zs?.location.ng
World Bank. (2023). Education and Infrastructure in Nigeria. Doi: http//data.worldbank.org/indicator/se.enr.prim.fm.zs?.location.ng
WorldBank.(2021).UnderstandingPoverty.DOI :https://www.worldbank.org/en/understanding-poverty
World Health Organization (WHO). (2023). Menstrual Health and Education. Doi: http//who.int. /news-room/fact-sheet/detail/menstrual-health.