Main Article Content
Abstract
The Career Decision Self-Efficacy Scale (CDSE)-Short Form is a 25-item intended to assess people's belief in their capacities to make a career decision. This study analyzed the psychometric properties of CDSE-SF using RASCH in the sample of 391 (64% male; 88% female) university graduates in Indonesia. The results indicated that the CDSE-SF are (1) unidimensional except for item number 13 and 17; (2) item measure test showed the greatest value is item number 13 and the lowest value is item number 1; (3) each response of category is functioning well, (4) the item reliability is 0,98 and the person reliability is 0,95, and (6) item number 1, 16, 18, and 22 are detected to have DIF across gender. Overall, the results indicated that based on the psychometric properties of the CDSE-SF Indonesian version, this 5-item scale was satisfactorily reliable and valid to measure self-efficacy of career decision-making.
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Article Details
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References
- Adams, R. J., Wu, M. L., & Wilson, M. (2012). The Rasch Rating Model and the Disordered Threshold Controversy. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 72(4), 547–573. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164411432166
- Albaugh, L. M., & Nauta, M. M. (2005). Career Decision Self-Efficacy, Career Barriers, and College Women’s Experiences of Intimate Partner Violence. Journal of Career Assessment, 13(3), 288–306. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072705274958
- Andrich, D. (1978). A rating formulation for ordered response categories. Psychometrika, 43(4), 561–573. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02293814
- Ariffin, S. R., Omar, B., Isa, A., & Sharif, S. (2010). Validity and reliability multiple intelligent item using rasch measurement model. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 9, 729–733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.12.225
- Baghaei, P. (2007). Local dependency and Rasch measures. Rasch Measurement Transactions, 21(3), 1105–1106.
- Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy, 1(4), 139–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6402(78)90002-4
- Betz, N. E., & Hackett, G. (1981). The relationship of career-related self-efficacy expectations to perceived career options in college women and men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 28(5), 399–410. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.28.5.399
- Betz, N. E., Hammond, M. S., & Multon, K. D. (2005). Reliability and Validity of Five-Level Response Continua for the Career Decision Self-Efficacy Scale. Journal of Career Assessment, 13(2), 131–149. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072704273123
- Betz, N. E., Klein, K. L., & Taylor, K. M. (1996). Evaluation of a Short Form of the Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy Scale. Journal of Career Assessment, 4(1), 47–57. https://doi.org/10.1177/106907279600400103
- Bond, T. G., Yan, Z., & Heene, M. (2021). Applying the Rasch Model: Fundamental Measurement in the Human Sciences (4th ed.). New York: Routledge.
- Brentani, E., & Golia, S. (2007). Unidimensionality in the Rasch model: how to detect and interpret. Statistica, 67(3), 253–261. https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.1973-2201/3508
- Brown, C., Reedy, D., Fountain, J., Johnson, A., & Dichiser, T. (2000). Battered Women’s Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy: Further Insights and Contributing Factors. Journal of Career Assessment, 8(3), 251–265. https://doi.org/10.1177/106907270000800304
- Bullock-Yowell, E., Andrews, L., McConnell, A., & Campbell, M. (2012). Unemployed Adults’ Career Thoughts, Career Self-Efficacy, and Interest: Any Similarity to College Students? Journal of Employment Counseling, 49(1), 18–30. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1920.2012.00003.x
- Buyukgoze-Kavas, A. (2014). A Psychometric Evaluation of the Career Decision Self-Efficacy Scale–Short Form With Turkish University Students. Journal of Career Assessment, 22(2), 386–397. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072713484561
- Chan, S. W., Ismail, Z., & Sumintono, B. (2014). A Rasch Model Analysis on Secondary Students’ Statistical Reasoning Ability in Descriptive Statistics. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 129, 133–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.658
- Chaney, D., Hammond, M. S., Betz, N. E., & Multon, K. D. (2007). The Reliability and Factor Structure of the Career Decision Self-Efficacy Scale-SF With African Americans. Journal of Career Assessment, 15(2), 194–205. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072706298020
- Chiesa, R., Massei, F., & Guglielmi, D. (2016). Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy Change in Italian High School Students. Journal of Counseling & Development, 94(2), 210–224. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12077
- Chou, Y.-T., & Wang, W.-C. (2010). Checking Dimensionality in Item Response Models With Principal Component Analysis on Standardized Residuals. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 70(5), 717–731. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164410379322
- Christensen, K. B., & Kreiner, S. (2010). Monte Carlo tests of the Rasch model based on scalability coefficients. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 63(1), 101–111. https://doi.org/10.1348/000711009X424200
- Ciavolino, E., Carpita, M., & Al-Nasser, A. (2015). Modelling the quality of work in the Italian social co-operatives combining NPCA-RSM and SEM-GME approaches. Journal of Applied Statistics, 42(1), 161–179. https://doi.org/10.1080/02664763.2014.938226
- Crites, J. O. (1978). The Career Maturity Inventory (2nd ed.). Monterey, CA: CTB/McGraw- Hill.
- Crites, John O., & Savickas, M. L. (1996). Revision of the Career Maturity Inventory. Journal of Career Assessment, 4(2), 131–138. https://doi.org/10.1177/106907279600400202
- Crites, John O. (1972). Career Maturity. NCME Measuremengt in Education, 4(2), 1–8.
- Falco, L. D., & Summers, J. J. (2019). Improving Career Decision Self-Efficacy and STEM Self-Efficacy in High School Girls: Evaluation of an Intervention. Journal of Career Development, 46(1), 62–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845317721651
- Fox, C. M., & Bond, T. G. (2015). Applying the Rasch Model: Fundamental Measurement in the Human Sciences (3rd ed.). New York: Routledge.
- Gaudron, J.-P. (2011). A Psychometric Evaluation of the Career Decision Self-Efficacy Scale–Short Form Among French University Students. Journal of Career Assessment, 19(4), 420–430. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072711409713
- Grier-Reed, T., & Ganuza, Z. (2012). Using Constructivist Career Development to Improve Career Decision Self-Efficacy in TRiO Students. Journal of College Student Development, 53(3), 464–471. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2012.0045
- Guan, Y., Deng, H., Sun, J., Wang, Y., Cai, Z., Ye, L., … Li, Y. (2013). Career adaptability, job search self-efficacy and outcomes: A three-wave investigation among Chinese university graduates. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 83(3), 561–570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2013.09.003
- Gudmundsson, E. (2009). Guidelines for translating and adapting psychological instruments. Nordic Psychology, 61(2), 29–45. https://doi.org/10.1027/1901-2276.61.2.29
- Gushue, G. V., & Whitson, M. L. (2006). The Relationship Among Support, Ethnic Identity, Career Decision Self-Efficacy, and Outcome Expectations in African American High School Students. Journal of Career Development, 33(2), 112–124. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845306293416
- Hagquist, C., & Andrich, D. (2017). Recent advances in analysis of differential item functioning in health research using the Rasch model. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 15(1), 181. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-017-0755-0
- Hampton, N. Z. (2005). Testing for the Structure of the Career Decision Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form Among Chinese College Students. Journal of Career Assessment, 13(1), 98–113. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072704270298
- Hidayat, D. R., Cahyawulan, W., & Robbani, A. (2019). Karier: Teori dan aplikasinya dalam bimbingan dan konseling komprehensif. Sukabumi: Jejak Publisher.
- Hilaliyah, H., Agustin, Y., Setiawati, S., Hapsari, S. N., Rangka, I. B., & Ratodi, M. (2019). Wright-Map to investigate the actual abilities on math test of elementary students. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1318, 012067. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1318/1/012067
- Kyngdon, A. (2008). The Rasch Model from the Perspective of the Representational Theory of Measurement. Theory & Psychology, 18(1), 89–109. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959354307086924
- Lent, R. W., Ezeofor, I., Morrison, M. A., Penn, L. T., & Ireland, G. W. (2016). Applying the social cognitive model of career self-management to career exploration and decision-making. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 93, 47–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2015.12.007
- Lent, R. W., & Hackett, G. (1987). Career self-efficacy: Empirical status and future directions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 30(3), 347–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(87)90010-8
- Linacre, J. M. (2021). Winsteps® Rasch measurement computer program (Version 5.1.1). Portland, Oregon: Winsteps.com.
- Ludlow, L. H., & Haley, S. M. (1995). Rasch Model Logits: Interpretation, Use, and Transformation. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 55(6), 967–975. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164495055006005
- Luzzo, D. A., Hitchings, W. E., Retish, P., & Shoemaker, A. (1999). Evaluating Differences in College Students’ Career Decision Making on the Basis of Disability Status. The Career Development Quarterly, 48(2), 142–156. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.1999.tb00281.x
- Mair, P., & Strasser, H. (2018). Large-scale estimation in Rasch models: asymptotic results, approximations of the variance–covariance matrix of item parameters, and divide-and-conquer estimation. Behaviormetrika, 45(1), 189–209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41237-018-0046-z
- Makransky, G., Rogers, M. E., & Creed, P. A. (2015). Analysis of the Construct Validity and Measurement Invariance of the Career Decision Self-Efficacy Scale. Journal of Career Assessment, 23(4), 645–660. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072714553555
- Masters, G. N. (1982). A rasch model for partial credit scoring. Psychometrika, 47(2), 149–174. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02296272
- Miguel, J. P., Silva, J. T., & Prieto, G. (2013). Career Decision Self-Efficacy Scale — Short Form: A Rasch analysis of the Portuguese version. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 82(2), 116–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2012.12.001
- Nam, S. K., Yang, E., Lee, S. M., Lee, S. H., & Seol, H. (2011). A Psychometric Evaluation of the Career Decision Self-Efficacy Scale With Korean Students: A Rasch Model Approach. Journal of Career Development, 38(2), 147–166. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845310371374
- Patel, S. G., Salahuddin, N. M., & O’Brien, K. M. (2008). Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy of Vietnamese Adolescents. Journal of Career Development, 34(3), 218–240. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845307308488
- Presti, A. Lo, Pace, F., Mondo, M., Nota, L., Casarubia, P., Ferrari, L., & Betz, N. E. (2013). An Examination of the Structure of the Career Decision Self-Efficacy Scale (Short Form) Among Italian High School Students. Journal of Career Assessment, 21(2), 337–347. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072712471506
- Saggino, A., Molinengo, G., Rogier, G., Garofalo, C., Loera, B., Tommasi, M., & Velotti, P. (2020). Improving the psychometric properties of the dissociative experiences scale (DES-II): a Rasch validation study. BMC Psychiatry, 20(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-019-2417-8
- Shanmugam, S. K. S. (2018). Determining Gender Differential Item Functioning for Mathematics in Coeducational School Culture. Malaysian Journal of Learning and Instruction, 15(Number 2), 83–109. https://doi.org/10.32890/mjli2018.15.2.4
- Smith, E. V., Conrad, K. M., Chang, K., & Piazza, J. (2002). An Introduction to Rasch Measurement for Scale Development and Person Assessment. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 10(3), 189–206. https://doi.org/10.1891/jnum.10.3.189.52562
- Taber, K. S. (2018). The Use of Cronbach’s Alpha When Developing and Reporting Research Instruments in Science Education. Research in Science Education, 48(6), 1273–1296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-016-9602-2
- Taylor, K. M., & Betz, N. E. (1983). Applications of self-efficacy theory to the understanding and treatment of career indecision. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 22(1), 63–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(83)90006-4
- Wambu, G., Hutchison, B., & Pietrantoni, Z. (2017). Career Decision-Making and College and Career Access Among Recent African Immigrant Students. Journal of College Access, 3(2), 62–77.
References
Adams, R. J., Wu, M. L., & Wilson, M. (2012). The Rasch Rating Model and the Disordered Threshold Controversy. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 72(4), 547–573. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164411432166
Albaugh, L. M., & Nauta, M. M. (2005). Career Decision Self-Efficacy, Career Barriers, and College Women’s Experiences of Intimate Partner Violence. Journal of Career Assessment, 13(3), 288–306. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072705274958
Andrich, D. (1978). A rating formulation for ordered response categories. Psychometrika, 43(4), 561–573. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02293814
Ariffin, S. R., Omar, B., Isa, A., & Sharif, S. (2010). Validity and reliability multiple intelligent item using rasch measurement model. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 9, 729–733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.12.225
Baghaei, P. (2007). Local dependency and Rasch measures. Rasch Measurement Transactions, 21(3), 1105–1106.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy, 1(4), 139–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6402(78)90002-4
Betz, N. E., & Hackett, G. (1981). The relationship of career-related self-efficacy expectations to perceived career options in college women and men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 28(5), 399–410. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.28.5.399
Betz, N. E., Hammond, M. S., & Multon, K. D. (2005). Reliability and Validity of Five-Level Response Continua for the Career Decision Self-Efficacy Scale. Journal of Career Assessment, 13(2), 131–149. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072704273123
Betz, N. E., Klein, K. L., & Taylor, K. M. (1996). Evaluation of a Short Form of the Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy Scale. Journal of Career Assessment, 4(1), 47–57. https://doi.org/10.1177/106907279600400103
Bond, T. G., Yan, Z., & Heene, M. (2021). Applying the Rasch Model: Fundamental Measurement in the Human Sciences (4th ed.). New York: Routledge.
Brentani, E., & Golia, S. (2007). Unidimensionality in the Rasch model: how to detect and interpret. Statistica, 67(3), 253–261. https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.1973-2201/3508
Brown, C., Reedy, D., Fountain, J., Johnson, A., & Dichiser, T. (2000). Battered Women’s Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy: Further Insights and Contributing Factors. Journal of Career Assessment, 8(3), 251–265. https://doi.org/10.1177/106907270000800304
Bullock-Yowell, E., Andrews, L., McConnell, A., & Campbell, M. (2012). Unemployed Adults’ Career Thoughts, Career Self-Efficacy, and Interest: Any Similarity to College Students? Journal of Employment Counseling, 49(1), 18–30. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1920.2012.00003.x
Buyukgoze-Kavas, A. (2014). A Psychometric Evaluation of the Career Decision Self-Efficacy Scale–Short Form With Turkish University Students. Journal of Career Assessment, 22(2), 386–397. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072713484561
Chan, S. W., Ismail, Z., & Sumintono, B. (2014). A Rasch Model Analysis on Secondary Students’ Statistical Reasoning Ability in Descriptive Statistics. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 129, 133–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.658
Chaney, D., Hammond, M. S., Betz, N. E., & Multon, K. D. (2007). The Reliability and Factor Structure of the Career Decision Self-Efficacy Scale-SF With African Americans. Journal of Career Assessment, 15(2), 194–205. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072706298020
Chiesa, R., Massei, F., & Guglielmi, D. (2016). Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy Change in Italian High School Students. Journal of Counseling & Development, 94(2), 210–224. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12077
Chou, Y.-T., & Wang, W.-C. (2010). Checking Dimensionality in Item Response Models With Principal Component Analysis on Standardized Residuals. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 70(5), 717–731. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164410379322
Christensen, K. B., & Kreiner, S. (2010). Monte Carlo tests of the Rasch model based on scalability coefficients. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 63(1), 101–111. https://doi.org/10.1348/000711009X424200
Ciavolino, E., Carpita, M., & Al-Nasser, A. (2015). Modelling the quality of work in the Italian social co-operatives combining NPCA-RSM and SEM-GME approaches. Journal of Applied Statistics, 42(1), 161–179. https://doi.org/10.1080/02664763.2014.938226
Crites, J. O. (1978). The Career Maturity Inventory (2nd ed.). Monterey, CA: CTB/McGraw- Hill.
Crites, John O., & Savickas, M. L. (1996). Revision of the Career Maturity Inventory. Journal of Career Assessment, 4(2), 131–138. https://doi.org/10.1177/106907279600400202
Crites, John O. (1972). Career Maturity. NCME Measuremengt in Education, 4(2), 1–8.
Falco, L. D., & Summers, J. J. (2019). Improving Career Decision Self-Efficacy and STEM Self-Efficacy in High School Girls: Evaluation of an Intervention. Journal of Career Development, 46(1), 62–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845317721651
Fox, C. M., & Bond, T. G. (2015). Applying the Rasch Model: Fundamental Measurement in the Human Sciences (3rd ed.). New York: Routledge.
Gaudron, J.-P. (2011). A Psychometric Evaluation of the Career Decision Self-Efficacy Scale–Short Form Among French University Students. Journal of Career Assessment, 19(4), 420–430. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072711409713
Grier-Reed, T., & Ganuza, Z. (2012). Using Constructivist Career Development to Improve Career Decision Self-Efficacy in TRiO Students. Journal of College Student Development, 53(3), 464–471. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2012.0045
Guan, Y., Deng, H., Sun, J., Wang, Y., Cai, Z., Ye, L., … Li, Y. (2013). Career adaptability, job search self-efficacy and outcomes: A three-wave investigation among Chinese university graduates. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 83(3), 561–570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2013.09.003
Gudmundsson, E. (2009). Guidelines for translating and adapting psychological instruments. Nordic Psychology, 61(2), 29–45. https://doi.org/10.1027/1901-2276.61.2.29
Gushue, G. V., & Whitson, M. L. (2006). The Relationship Among Support, Ethnic Identity, Career Decision Self-Efficacy, and Outcome Expectations in African American High School Students. Journal of Career Development, 33(2), 112–124. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845306293416
Hagquist, C., & Andrich, D. (2017). Recent advances in analysis of differential item functioning in health research using the Rasch model. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 15(1), 181. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-017-0755-0
Hampton, N. Z. (2005). Testing for the Structure of the Career Decision Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form Among Chinese College Students. Journal of Career Assessment, 13(1), 98–113. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072704270298
Hidayat, D. R., Cahyawulan, W., & Robbani, A. (2019). Karier: Teori dan aplikasinya dalam bimbingan dan konseling komprehensif. Sukabumi: Jejak Publisher.
Hilaliyah, H., Agustin, Y., Setiawati, S., Hapsari, S. N., Rangka, I. B., & Ratodi, M. (2019). Wright-Map to investigate the actual abilities on math test of elementary students. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1318, 012067. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1318/1/012067
Kyngdon, A. (2008). The Rasch Model from the Perspective of the Representational Theory of Measurement. Theory & Psychology, 18(1), 89–109. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959354307086924
Lent, R. W., Ezeofor, I., Morrison, M. A., Penn, L. T., & Ireland, G. W. (2016). Applying the social cognitive model of career self-management to career exploration and decision-making. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 93, 47–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2015.12.007
Lent, R. W., & Hackett, G. (1987). Career self-efficacy: Empirical status and future directions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 30(3), 347–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(87)90010-8
Linacre, J. M. (2021). Winsteps® Rasch measurement computer program (Version 5.1.1). Portland, Oregon: Winsteps.com.
Ludlow, L. H., & Haley, S. M. (1995). Rasch Model Logits: Interpretation, Use, and Transformation. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 55(6), 967–975. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164495055006005
Luzzo, D. A., Hitchings, W. E., Retish, P., & Shoemaker, A. (1999). Evaluating Differences in College Students’ Career Decision Making on the Basis of Disability Status. The Career Development Quarterly, 48(2), 142–156. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.1999.tb00281.x
Mair, P., & Strasser, H. (2018). Large-scale estimation in Rasch models: asymptotic results, approximations of the variance–covariance matrix of item parameters, and divide-and-conquer estimation. Behaviormetrika, 45(1), 189–209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41237-018-0046-z
Makransky, G., Rogers, M. E., & Creed, P. A. (2015). Analysis of the Construct Validity and Measurement Invariance of the Career Decision Self-Efficacy Scale. Journal of Career Assessment, 23(4), 645–660. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072714553555
Masters, G. N. (1982). A rasch model for partial credit scoring. Psychometrika, 47(2), 149–174. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02296272
Miguel, J. P., Silva, J. T., & Prieto, G. (2013). Career Decision Self-Efficacy Scale — Short Form: A Rasch analysis of the Portuguese version. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 82(2), 116–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2012.12.001
Nam, S. K., Yang, E., Lee, S. M., Lee, S. H., & Seol, H. (2011). A Psychometric Evaluation of the Career Decision Self-Efficacy Scale With Korean Students: A Rasch Model Approach. Journal of Career Development, 38(2), 147–166. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845310371374
Patel, S. G., Salahuddin, N. M., & O’Brien, K. M. (2008). Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy of Vietnamese Adolescents. Journal of Career Development, 34(3), 218–240. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845307308488
Presti, A. Lo, Pace, F., Mondo, M., Nota, L., Casarubia, P., Ferrari, L., & Betz, N. E. (2013). An Examination of the Structure of the Career Decision Self-Efficacy Scale (Short Form) Among Italian High School Students. Journal of Career Assessment, 21(2), 337–347. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072712471506
Saggino, A., Molinengo, G., Rogier, G., Garofalo, C., Loera, B., Tommasi, M., & Velotti, P. (2020). Improving the psychometric properties of the dissociative experiences scale (DES-II): a Rasch validation study. BMC Psychiatry, 20(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-019-2417-8
Shanmugam, S. K. S. (2018). Determining Gender Differential Item Functioning for Mathematics in Coeducational School Culture. Malaysian Journal of Learning and Instruction, 15(Number 2), 83–109. https://doi.org/10.32890/mjli2018.15.2.4
Smith, E. V., Conrad, K. M., Chang, K., & Piazza, J. (2002). An Introduction to Rasch Measurement for Scale Development and Person Assessment. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 10(3), 189–206. https://doi.org/10.1891/jnum.10.3.189.52562
Taber, K. S. (2018). The Use of Cronbach’s Alpha When Developing and Reporting Research Instruments in Science Education. Research in Science Education, 48(6), 1273–1296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-016-9602-2
Taylor, K. M., & Betz, N. E. (1983). Applications of self-efficacy theory to the understanding and treatment of career indecision. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 22(1), 63–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(83)90006-4
Wambu, G., Hutchison, B., & Pietrantoni, Z. (2017). Career Decision-Making and College and Career Access Among Recent African Immigrant Students. Journal of College Access, 3(2), 62–77.